© 2009 by Christy K
Robinson
I collect photos of ancestral effigies. I have compiled
a list of burial places for hundreds of ancestors. I’ve even visited many of
the burial places in England,
Scotland, Ukraine, and Paris. There are scores of locations I’ve yet
to visit.
What is an effigy? Dictionary.com says, “a representation or
image, esp. sculptured, as on a monument.”
The medieval effigy gave words to the deceased, which even an illiterate
audience could read: the stone image showed the social status, religious piety,
power, and beauty that the deceased would have at the Resurrection, as well as
a bit of history in the accompanying heraldic insignia: which noble families
contributed to the genealogy, status, dignitas, and wealth of the deceased.
Effigies were, like the pyramids of Egypt, meant to be eternal memorials
to the memory of the deceased. Their depictions were specified in wills.
Realism in depicting the deceased came in a big way during
the reign of Edward III and Philippa (latter half of the 14th century), but
there was a wonderful art patronage during Henry III’s reign a hundred years
earlier, so some effigies may bear resemblance to the person who’s buried
there. In royal personages, there was an attempt at realism in the facial
features of the tomb effigy, while the body and clothing were idealized as the
warrior, the pious, the literate. There are several paintings, bosses, and
sculptures of Eleanor of Aquitaine, that show a beautiful woman with an oval
face. Taken on the whole (if you squint), you can get an idea of her looks.
Similar story with Edward II’s wife Isabella of France.
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If you enjoy life sketches, anecdotes, and
historical details like these, you can find them in the book Effigy
Hunter, by Christy K Robinson. It's available in print from CreateSpace, Barnes and Noble, and Amazon.
*********************************************** I like the sweetness of the clasped hands of Katherine
Mortimer and Thomas Beauchamp, Countess and Earl of Warwick, at the church of St. Mary there. (Katherine was daughter
of Roger Mortimer, first Earl of March.)
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Katherine Mortimer and
Thomas Beauchamp at Warwick.
Photo by Christy K Robinson. |
The effigies I’ve observed are now bare stone, but many of
them would have been richly painted in blue, red, and gold. The ones of Henry
II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, in France,
have been restored to colorful glory.
Ralph Neville, 1st Earl Westmorland, is the central figure
of an effigy grouping at Staindrop church at Raby, Durham. His first and second wives (Margaret
Stafford and Joan Beaufort, both of whom are my ancestors) are buried
elsewhere, but are depicted in alabaster with Ralph at Staindrop. The women
look the same in features, dress, and age, although Margaret died at age 32 and
Joan at age 61. I’m not sure of the date of the sculptures, but Ralph’s wife
Joan Beaufort died in 1440. The alabaster was said to have come from John of
Gaunt’s quarries, so perhaps they were made during the life of Joan, youngest
daughter of John of Gaunt.
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Humphrey de Bohun's effigy at Exeter.
Photo by Christy K Robinson |
In non-royal effigies, I’ve read (somewhere)
that effigies were roughed out by masons at a quarry, then finished and
“personalized” to order. Most effigies have no resemblance to the deceased, but
are depicted in clothing or armor of their generation. The women appear to be
in their 20s (and might have been if they died in childbirth), and the men in
their 40s. However, at Arundel’s FitzAlan Chapel, there’s a grotesque effigy of
a decomposed body, some sort of super-pious reminder that humans are inherently
evil and destined for hell.
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| Effigy of Longespee at Salisbury. |
Many images portray the person with open eyes
fixed upon a prayer book, an image of saint, angel, or crucifix; or with the
body turned slightly toward the altar. All recumbent effigies (and indeed the
bodies buried there) have their feet toward the east end of the church, reportedly
because at the Second Coming of Christ, the body would arise facing the Lord.
Some effigies show a relaxed body with crossed legs and feet resting on a
pillow, a lion, or a lap dog. Others depict knights in battle armor, hands on
sword pommels.
On some tombs, there are small figures carved at the base.
These are “weepers,” showing their loss with hunched bodies or hands covering
their faces, but much more, they indicated the noble ancestry or the virility
of the deceased. Sometimes the weepers depicted the children of the deceased,
as with 13th-century Ralph Neville and Alice d’Audley at Durham,
or with the 16th-century Eyre memorials at St. Thomas
Church in Salisbury. In clerical instances, the weepers
represented their noble connections and/or ecclesiastical authority.
Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of effigies were destroyed when
abbeys and priory churches were destroyed at the Dissolution in the 1530s.
After the removal of precious art and furniture, the lead roofs were melted for
recycling, the churches were burned, and the dressed stones removed to build
other structures. Even more tombs were destroyed or vandalized by parliamentary
forces in the English Civil War, including those of my ancestors in Lincoln and
Durham Cathedrals.
Although I’ve found ancestral effigies in small gatehouse
chapels and huge cathedrals, my favorite effigies were those of the Lords of
Middleham, Robert fitzRanulf and his father Ranulf fitzRobert, at Coverham
Abbey in Yorkshire (see my blog header). The
effigies were discovered in the wreckage of the Dissolution, and now stand as
garden art on private property. Ranulf and Robert were ancestors of the
powerful Neville family from whom I (and millions of others) descend.
When you see the effigy, say a prayer or “think good
thoughts” if you’re so inclined. That was the purpose of an effigy -- that
onlookers would remember the importance or influence of a life; that the pile
of dust inside the tomb was once beloved of mother or father, children or
spouse. While they lived, they patronized religious houses (providing charity
to the poor and dying). They were mighty in battle or political influence. When
these people lived, they paid for masses and prayers in perpetuity, hoping to
be relieved and redeemed from purgatory or hell. Who knows how long (or if)
these prayers continued. But some of us like to pay our respects and wonder,
just a little, what the living years felt like for the people resting under the
effigies.
